A Comparative Analysis of Entrepreneurial Growth Expectations Between India and Ethiopia

As a strategy of economic growth entrepreneurship can be successful only if it is duly imparted and conscientiously induced. The peculiarity of adequate literature that assesses difference between growth expectation of entrepreneurs in Ethiopia and India motivated the researcher to conduct this comparative study. Hence, this research aimed at compares the growth expectation of entrepreneurs of these two developing economies. Research followed a descriptive research design to successful achieve the objectives of the research. Research utilized the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) index of adult population dataset collected with the help of adult population survey (APS) of entrepreneurial growth expectations and various statistical tools were used to analyze the GEM data. The analysis of the data was carried out using SPSS version 20.The major finding of the study reveals that Ethiopian entrepreneurs has more perceived opportunities as compared to India and Ethiopia population who are either a nascent entrepreneur or owner-manager of a new business shows comparatively stronger situation than India. There is commonality between growth expectations of entrepreneurs in these countries. The study recommends and underscores the importance of determinants that facilitate cooperation and collaboration among Indian and Ethiopian entrepreneurs. Stakeholders, particularly the government, need to give undivided attention and support to institutions bestowed with the task of facilitating collaboration among the entrepreneurs. Keywords: Growth Expectation, Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, National Culture. DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/12-24-04 Publication date:August 31st 202

Mediation Effect of Customer Satisfaction Between Promotion Mix Elements and Customer Buying Behavior in Education Sector of Ethiopia

Present investigation conducted to check the mediation effect of customer satisfaction between promotion mix elements and customer buying behavior in education sector of Ethiopia. The researchers employed mixed method research strategy and cross sectional sequential explanatory research design. In addition to this, archival data was collected from the educational universities public relation offices. Sampling method used was purposive and simple random sampling to get the sample from the targeted population. Lastly, AMOS version 26 and SPSS vs22 were used for data analysis. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin test was used to measure of sampling Adequacy. Mahalanobis' distance (MD) as a statistical measure based on a chi-square distribution was employed to check the extent to which cases are adjusted with multivariate outliers. SEM model fitness results showed the complete mediation i.e the entire (or total) effect of Promotion Mix Elements on a Customer Buying Behavior is transmitted through Customer Satisfaction. Thus, the Promotion Mix Elements have no direct effect on the Customer Buying Behavior; rather, its entire effect is indirect. Thus, mediation role of Customer Satisfaction was really happening in a given model, but the total effect is significant simply because the sample size is very large, or assumptions for the test of the total effect were met. Keywords: Promotion Mix, Customer Buying Behavior, Customer Satisfaction, Sampling Adequacy, Mediation Effect. DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/14-21-03 Publication date: November 30th 202

Critical Appraisal of Prevailing Marketing Mix: Applies Particularly to the Digital Marketing Metaphor

The generalized objective of this research paper is to critical evaluation of marketing mix in context of 21st contrary applies particularly to the marketing perspective. This research paper provides an idea to the marketing ideologist and can be used as marketing tools to assist them in pursuing their marketing objectives. Marketing mix is derived from the single P (price) of micro-economic theory. Apart from price other three Ps were introduced into the marketing scene in order to face up into a highly competitively charged competitive international environment. This study depict revised scenario of the current standing in the debate around the Mix as marketing paradigm tool and strategic marketing management tool by reviewing academic views. Critical appraisal of traditional product based marketing mix model with the present consumer oriented model is the base of this research. However, in spite of its deficiencies, the 4Ps remain a staple of the marketing mix. The subsequent Ps has yet to overcome a consensus about eligibility and agreement over the practical application. Keywords: Marketing tool, Marketing mix, Micro-economic theory. DOI: 10.7176/JMCR/71-06 Publication date:September 30th 2020

A Robust Low-Complexity MIMO Detector for Rank 4 LTE/LTE-A Systems

This paper deals with MIMO detection for rank 4 LTE systems. The paper revolves around a previously known detector [1, by Inkyu Lee, TCOM'2010] which we shall refer to as RCSMLD (Reduced-Constellation-Size-Maximum-Likelihood-Detector). However, a direct application of the scheme in [1, by Inkyu Lee, TCOM'2010] to LTE/LTE-A rank 4 test cases results in unsatisfactory performance. The first contribution of the paper is to introduce several modifications that can jointly be applied to the basic RCSMLD scheme which, taken together, result in excellent performance. Our second contribution is the development of a highly efficient hardware structure for RCSMLD that allows for an implementation with very few multiplications.Comment: Accepted for publication in PIMRC-2014, Washington DC, US

Understanding the process of Portfolio-Supported Learning & Assessment (PSLA) with reference to the learning attitudes of Postgraduate Medical Students (SpRs) at the Queen's School of Anaesthesia

PhD ThesisRapidly changing technology, the knowledge explosion and socio-economic transformations owing to globalisation have made it necessary for most people to learn throughout life. The terms such as `lifelong learning' and `continuous professional development' have become part of the educational lexicon as never before. Yet the formal education system alone cannot provide lifelong education for career development and there is research interest in promoting individual responsibility for becoming a self-directed autonomous learner. However, this idea is inconsistent with the prevailing teaching and assessment practices, namely, didactic teaching methods and norm-referenced summative assessment, where students are excluded from the process of deciding targets for learning, setting criteria and standards for assessment, designing assessment schemes and implementing them. Methods and techniques which are claimed to transfer the control of the educational and assessment process form teacher to student such as `Problem-Based Learning' and `Portfolio- Based Assessment', have been seen by researchers in the field of assessment as suitable alternatives to foster autonomy and intrinsic motivation in students. Although medical education in the UK has taken the lead in adopting `Problem Based Learning', teacher education is considerably ahead in the case of `Portfolio-Based Assessment'. Recently, medical education has also started to introduce `Portfolio-Based Assessment' in some colleges. However, its effectiveness in the context of medical education is yet to be established. This study, therefore, attempts to understand the process of `Portfolio-Based Assessment' with reference to the learning attitudes of postgraduate medical students (SpRs) in the context of the Queen's School of Anaesthesia situated in the north of England. The basic aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of PBA in transforming the attitudes of the SpRs. The study revealed that it was very difficult to measure any change in attitude. Moreover, it was realised that in comparison to measuring change in attitudes it was more important to understand the process of intervention of the PBA in order to evolve remedial measures to make it more effective. This early finding considerably changed the focus of the study, research questions and methods. I also realised that the relationship between the effectiveness of the portfolio and the attitudes of SpRs was symbiotic, and so it was also important to understand these attitudes in order to understand the dynamics of portfolio use. The final aim was to understand the process of PBA, rather than to prove any particular theory or measure change in attitudes. Hence, the methodology adopted was more qualitative and naturalistic in nature than quantitative, with the aim of studying the process of PBA through a flexible methodology, and without any pre-conceived theories about the portfolio. However, findings concerning the process of PBA are situated in my understanding of theories of learning and current approaches to assessment within a particular context. The fieldwork combined two separate questionnaires distributed to all 90 SpRs, of whom about 50% responded. In order to understand their perceptions regarding the portfolio, nondirective interviews were carried out with 24 SpRs. Content analysis of the 24 portfolios was carried out to explore the extent to which the SpRs had developed the portfolios and the amount and type of reflection in which they engaged. Non-directed interviews and the content analysis of the portfolios raised questions about the SpRs' professionalism and their attitudes towards self-directed learning. To obtain a better understanding of these issues, focused interviews of 16 SpRs, based on the content analysis of the portfolios, were conducted. The understanding developed from this study and the findings and suggestions that have emerged from it are applicable mainly to postgraduate medical education. However, three propositions emerged from this study which may be relevant to the use of the portfolio for professional development in other educational contexts: (i) The term `Portfolio-Based Assessment' is a misnomer, since a portfolio does not become so central to the assessment process that it can be used to assess all types of ability. It may be concluded that a portfolio only supports the existing assessment system. (ii) The process of portfolio preparation itself leads to learning, while in the case of most of the other assessment processes the learning loop is completed after assessors have provided feedback. The portfolio should therefore be treated as a tool for both assessment and learning, and the term `Portfolio-Supported Assessment and Learning (PSLA)' is more appropriate. (iii) Other assessment methods may be used simultaneously for summative as well as for formative assessment without affecting the quality of formative assessment to a great degree. However, the use of portfolio for both purposes of assessment simultaneously creates a conflict and to a large extent reduces its potential for encouraging the trainees to engage in self-assessment and reflection, thus defeating the basic purpose for which it was introduced. It may be concluded that the same portfolio should not be used for both purposes of assessment. The emergence of the above propositions from the study may be considered as an original contribution to knowledge in this field. Further debate and studies are required in order to develop theories based on these propositions

A method for studying sequential faults on a three phase distribution transformer

A method has been presented for studying sequential faults on opposite sides of a three-phase distribution transformer using the theory of symmetrical components and Alpha, Beta, and Zero components of three-phase systems. The effect of the faults on the distribution system has also been analyzed and improvements in the protection scheme suggested. The sequential faults occurred, one after the other, on the distribution system of the Central Electric Power Cooperative of Jefferson City in the state of Missouri resulting in a double unbalanced fault condition. The data used in the example problem has been supplied through the courtesy of the above Cooperative. The problem has been solved in three stages, namely, for a two line to ground fault, an open conductor and the resulting double fault conditions with grounded transformer as well as with the ungrounded transformer when the grounding wire of the transformer burns out --Abstract, page ii

Folate supplementation as a strategy to reduce Neural Tube Defects

Folic acid is a vitamin known to prevent neural tube defects, megaloblastic anaemia, cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, etc. The main natural sources of folate are plant and vegetables e.g. green leafy vegetables, broccoli, asparagus, citrus fruits (orange, strawberry), beans, nuts, cauliflowers, beets, corn etc. and meat products like liver. The primary function of folate is its contribution in the synthesis and repair of the DNA. The bioavailability of food folate is approximately 50%. The bioavailability of folic acid taken with meal compared to with water on empty stomach is 85% and 100% respectively.(1) Hence, it is easier to achieve the recommended daily allowances with fortified food as compared to natural food due to higher stability and bioavailability of synthetic folate when compared to natural food.(2